Acid Battery or Seald Lead Acid Battery is a type of rechargeable battery that was invented in 1859 by a French physicist Gaston Plante . Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, its ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells have a relatively large power-to-weight ratio. Due to low cost and large supply are used more in motor vehicles.
The structure of a battery is composed of chemicals, electrical particles, mechanical preservatives and donars form. Generally, the lead-acid battery is made up of 4 sections :
First is electrode Or positive plates, which called the anode. During discharge electrons are attracted to the pole or pages. major chemical constituent of the positive plates in Lead-acid batteries is lead oxide (PbO2) .
The second one is electrode or the negative plates also called the cathode. During discharge electrons are removed from the pole. The major chemical constituent of negative electrodes is lead (Pb) .it should be noted that the lead oxide doesn’t have forming capability mechanically and are formed often with the addition of various alloys and also by maintenance of their networks. In addition, they also called Active as Material chemical reaction inside the battery originally done by the help of lead and its oxide.
Third is electrolyte fills between the two electrodes spaces and indeed provides the basis for the charge passing between the positive and negative electrodes . Lead-acid batteries both poles, are immersed in a solution of sulfuric acid (H2¬SO4) at a concentration of about 25 to 40 percent and water (H2O) at a concentration of about 60 to 75 percent. The combination of water and sulfuric acid causes the sulfuric acid ionized and change into HSO4 and H +ions.
Separators and spacers are the other lead-acid batteries form. The main task of these forms are separating and isolating positive and negative electrode poles from eachother. Part of the lead-acid battery manufacturing technology relates to the design of electromechanical isolators. In some types of battery that there are no volume limitation, this isolation caused by physical distance between the electrodes form the battery it makes it cheaper but will increase the volume.
Various types of separators have been developed so far, the most common are as followes :
1. PVC separators that are often composed of lead and antimony response alloys are weakest in electrical conductivity.
2. Cellulosic separators that have relative electrical conductivity and are good at porosity
3. polyethylene separators, have sufficient mechanical strength and guidance and because of their forming often include the positive electrodes in pocket form .
4. separation AGM (Absorptive Glass Mat) are almost best known Separator and influence on the re-released oxygen reversibly in response to the chemical environment of batteries .
5. Gel separation in general are virtually the same as AGM batteries separators uses often pasty or gelly electrolyte flow form butnot Liquid .
Generally, the voltage difference between the positive and negative electrodes made using a cell lead-acid batteries of 2 to 2. 1 volt. Therefore higher voltages such as 12V series are formed of several series of positive and negative electrodes. positive and negative plates Diameter plays a crucial role in determining the battery capacity . for most common applications such as starter batteries for cars ,capacity of less than 2 mm diameter plates is needed . But in applications with extend charging electrodes diameter will come to 6 mm.